__________________________________________________________________________ F R E E E S P E R A N T O C O U R S E __________________________________________________________________________ Introduction WHAT IS ESPERANTO? Esperanto, the international language, is a language developed to make it easier for people of different cultures to communicate. Its author, Dr. L. L. Zamenhof (1859-1917), published his "Lingvo Internacia" in 1887 under the pseudonym "Dr. Esperanto". It is now spoken by at least two million people, in over 100 countries. There are thousands of books and over 100 periodicals published currently. But what makes it any more international than French, English or Russian? Incorrectly termed 'artificial' (the right word is 'planned'), Esperanto is specifically intended for international/intercultural use, so those who use it meet each other on an equal footing, since neither is using his or her native language. With national languages, the average person isn't able to express himself as well as a native speaker or the gifted linguist. Thanks to its simple, logical, regular design, anyone can learn Esperanto fairly rapidly. A LIVING LANGUAGE Esperanto is a living language, used for everything people use any other language for. But it's much easier to learn than a national language. Even people who can't remember a word of a language they studied for years in high school or college need only months of intensive study to become fluent in Esperanto. It is also more useful than national languages if your goal in learning a language is to get to know people from different places, since virtually everyone who speaks Esperanto has learned it for this reason. ABOUT THIS COURSE This course is based on ELNA's Free Postal Course, which is, in turn, based on a very popular postal course in use today in England. The course is a bit old-fashioned, and we are working on a more appealing version. In the meantime, you will have to bear with it. Upon successful completion of the ten lessons, you will receive a framable Certificate of Completion. A note about the orthography: To facilitate distribution of this course over the net, we have chosen to represent the two diacritical marks (the circumflex or ^, and the breve, a 'reversed circumflex' unavailable in standard character sets) by adding an x immediately following the character. Hence the combinations cx, gx, hx, jx, sx, (where x = ^) and ux (where x = [breve]) should be thought of as single characters. GETTING CONNECTED Here are the WWW sites of national Esperanto associations in the major English-speaking countries. If your country isn't listed, ask us and we can find the address for you. Australia: Australian Esperanto Association http://www.esperanto.org.au/ Britain: British Esperanto Association http://www.esperanto.demon.co.uk/ Canada: Canadian Esperanto Association http://www.sentex.net/~engcorp/kea/ India: mailto:helpo@giaspn01.vsnl.net.in Ireland: http://www.selfgrow.com/esperanto/ New Zealand: Esperanto Association of New Zealand mailto:neelam@voyager.co.nz USA: Esperanto League for North America http://www.esperanto-usa.org/ The World Association is: Universala Esperanto-Asocio http://wwwtios.cs.utwente.nl/esperanto/org/uea/ __________________________________________________________________________ Lesson One Language is all about things (nouns) and their actions (verbs) of energetic things: One thing... Acts on... Another thing birdo kaptas... insekton. a bird catches... an insect. subject noun verb object noun Esperanto is "grammar-coded" - you can tell what part each word plays in a sentence from the word endings: -o -on single subject noun single object noun -oj -ojn plural subject noun plural object noun To show when the action takes place, the verb tense (time) is changed by putting these endings on the verb roots: present tense --as describes it as it happens past tense --is shows an action completed future tense --os action still to begin Birdoj kaptis insektojn. Birds caught insects. Birdoj kaptos insektojn. Birds will-catch insects. Every noun and every verb follows the above rules without exception. In Esperanto, things have no gender (they are not male or female, as in many other languages.) There is only one word for 'the', no matter if the noun is singular or plural, subject or object. Therefore: La birdoj kaptas la insektojn. La birdo kaptis la insekton. In Esperanto the word order matters less than in English. All the following sentences describe the same action (only the emphasis is changed): Viro legas libron. Viro libron legas. Libron legas viro. Libron viro legas. Legas viro libron. Legas libron viro. A man reads a book. Here are some words in Esperanto (the apostrophe indicates an incomplete word, a root): Nouns Verbs (roots) More nouns amiko (friend) far' (do, make) kafo (coffee) filo (son) forges' (forget) kuko (cake) frato (brother) hav' (have) lakto (milk) instruisto (teacher) trink' (drink) pano (bread) knabo (boy) vend' (sell) sukero (sugar) patro (father) vid' (see) teo (tea) Each Esperanto letter has only one sound, always. Here is a guide to some of the sounds. The stress is always on the next-to-last syllable of a word. A E I O U palm there three glory too c = ts (in lots); oj = oy (in boy); G = g (in go) kn are always pronounced separately: k-nabo __________________________________________________________________________ Study Aid for Lesson One Read Lesson 1 thoroughly, but before trying the exercises below, try these translations and check your answers with ours. (We have supplied some words and endings to help you get started). 1. The friend will-sell milk. lakton. 2. Mother drinks coffee with milk and sugar. Patrino -n kun kaj 3. The teachers forgot the tea. -j -n. 4. The boys will-make the cake. -n. 5. La knabinoj vidos la instruiston. [knabinoj = girls] 6. La instruisto vidis la knabinojn. 7. La filoj trinkas teon sen lakto. [sen = without] 8. La birdoj vidis la insektojn. After checking these sentences, do the exercises of Lesson 1. If there is anything you do not understand, be sure to ask your tutor. We will try to be prompt, but be patient, and most of all: Bonvenon al Esperanto (Welcome to Esperanto)! Answers to the above exercises 1. La amiko vendos lakton. 2. Patrino trinkas kafon kun lakto kaj sukero. 3. La instruistoj forgesis la teon. 4. La knaboj faros la kukon. 5. The girls will see the teacher. 6. The teacher saw the girls. 7. The sons drink tea without milk. 8. The birds saw the insects. __________________________ extract from here ____________________________ Ekzercoj, Leciono Unu (Exercises, Lesson One) Take your time and translate the following sentences into Esperanto. Type your answers between the questions. Examples: The men sold cakes. La viroj vendis kukojn. The man sold a cake. La viro vendis kukon. [Note: the word 'a' does not exist in Esperanto; the simple noun is enough. Also, a dash indicates that the two English words are translated by one Esperanto word.] 1. Father makes a cake. 2. The boy will-have the sugar. 3. The son forgot the milk. 4. The boys drink tea. 5. The friend sold the bread. 6. The teacher sees a boy. 7. The son has a friend. 8. The brother made bread. 9. The boys will-have cake. 10. Father forgot the sugar. 11. The boys had friends. 12. The sons saw the bread. 13. The brothers sell sugar. 14. The teacher forgets the boy. 15. The friend will-drink milk. 16. The sons are-making cakes. 17. Father will-sell the cake. 18. The friend had bread. 19. The boys will-see the teachers. 20. The teachers drink coffee. __________________________ extract to here ____________________________ Now, don't forget to add your name and e-mail address, and mail these exercises to the address for your tutor in the Welcome Letter, with subject: 'FEC ekz 1'. Well, we hope we haven't scared you off in this first meeting with Esperanto. Just remember - the language ability you used in the above exercises might take months to reach in secondary school French or Spanish. The Free Esperanto Course begins simply, but by Lesson 10 you will understand sophisticated Esperanto with complex syntax. Upon satisfactory completion of the series of ten lessons, you will receive a framable 'Certificate of Completion'. __________________________________________________________________________ While waiting for a reply from your tutor, you can learn some numbers and colors: 0 nulo (say: noo-lo) 1 unu (say: oo-noo) flava (FLAH-vah) yellow 2 du (say: doo) verda (VER-dah) green 3 tri (say: t-ri) blua (BLOO-ah) blue 4 kvar blanka (BLAN-ka) white 5 kvin nigra (NEE-gra) black 6 ses griza (GREE-zah) grey 7 sep bruna (BROO-nah) brown 8 ok rugxa (ROO-djah) red 9 naux (say: now) ("gx" as in "gem", "gentle") 10 dek 11 dek unu ... 20 dudek 21 dudek unu ... 30 tridek 31 tridek unu ... 100 cent (say: tsent) __________________________________________________________________________ F R E E E S P E R A N T O C O U R S E __________________________________________________________________________ Lesson Two Thanks for trying Lesson 1. By now you should have received corrections to the exercises of the first lesson. Here is the next lesson. Keep it up! Let's review the "grammar-coding" for a second: subject thing(s) action object thing(s) -o -as -on -is -oj -os -ojn Two-thirds of the pattern so far deals with "things" (nouns). Now let's take a look at how to describe these things: good coffee, good tea (adjectives). Something that describes, such as "good," is called an adjective. In Esperanto, adjectives are grammar coded with an "-a" ending. As in some other languages (but not in English) the adjective ending ("-a") has to "agree" with the noun it describes. That is, if the noun is plural, the adjective must also be plural. If the noun is an object ("-n"), the adjective must also be an object. subject thing(s) action object thing(s) bona patro havos bonan filon a good father will have a good son bonaj patroj havos bonajn filojn good fathers will have good sons (Note: "aj" is pronounced like the English word "eye".) Vocabulary: In each lesson we will introduce about twenty new words to you; learn these but remember to review the words in the previous lesson. Use the words below to practice what you've just learned. The exercises in this lesson are split into three parts. Vocabulary, lesson two Adjectives Nouns Verb Roots bela (beautiful) akvo (water) am' (love) granda (big) butiko (shop) lav' (wash) nova (new) limonado (lemonade) pet' (ask, request) sana (healthy) papero (paper) port' (carry, wear) seka (dry) plumo (pen) renkont' (meet) varma (warm) taso (cup) skrib' (write) __________________________ extract from here ____________________________ Ekzercoj, Leciono Du (parto unu) 1. A healthy boy drinks warm milk. 2. The new shop sells dry cakes. 3. The big teacher met the new friends. 4. The good friends will-make a beautiful cake. __________________________ extract to here ____________________________ Reminder: -a -o -as -an -on -aj -oj -is -ajn -ojn -os We haven't been able to give you enough vocabulary to let us vary these exercises very much, but in Esperanto the system of regular word building (with prefixes and suffixes) lets us expand our vocabulary with little effort. For example, the "mal-" makes words of opposite meaning: bona = good malbona = bad pura = clean malpura = dirty sana = healthy malsana = ill, sick am' = love malam' = hate amiko = friend (male) malamiko = enemy (male) and similarly the "-in-" makes words specifically female. patro = father patrino = mother and thus for all female living creatures: kato = cat katino = female cat The 'vir' prefix is the original way to mark something as explicitly male: virkato. Most people avoid using the root form as a 'male' form. It is rare that you have to mark sex - it is proper to say, for example, Sally estas instruisto, instead of saying Sally estas instruistino. __________________________ extract from here ____________________________ Ekzercoj, Leciono Du (parto du) 5. The small girl met the ugly sisters. 6. The old cup has new lemonade. 7. The new cup has old milk. 8. Mother will-wash the small cups. 9. The small boy carried the new bread. 10. Cold water washes a small boy. __________________________ extract to here ____________________________ "Ne" in front of any verb makes it negative, the action that doesn't happen, or didn't happen, or won't happen. ne havas = doesn't (don't) have; ne faras = doesn't do Here is just one verb ("to be") displayed in the usual way (all Esperanto verbs follow the same rule!): General form (infinitive) to be esti Present tense (-as form) I am mi estas you are vi estas he is li estas she is sxi estas it is gxi estas we are ni estas you are vi estas they are ili estas one is oni estas est' is the verb root and always appears wherever the verb is used. Does this verb even have a root in English? (am, is, are) In the above verb display, note: sxi (she) is pronounced exactly like the English "she" gxi (it) is pronounced like the English "gee!", as in "Jeep" vi (you) is both singular and plural, like the English "you." (There is a word "ci", singular, but it is used much as the English singular "thou" - not very often!) Note, too, that although pronouns do not end in -o when they are "subject things", they do take the -n when they are "object things": La patrino lavas la knabon. Sxi lavas lin. The mother washes the boy. She washes him. Now that we have learned the pronouns: mi vi li sxi gxi ni vi ili oni I you he she it we you they one we can form the possessive adjectives: mia via lia sxia gxia nia via ilia (pronounced ee-LEE-a) onia my your his her its our your their one's which are really adjectives because they identify (describe) the nouns they are attached to. Mia plumo = my pen. The ending "-a" on possessive adjectives follows the same rules about agreement as adjectives: Mia amiko amas mian fratinon. Miaj amikoj amas miajn fratinojn. __________________________ extract from here ____________________________ Ekzercoj, Leciono Du (parto tri) 11. I forgot my pen. 12. We don't have paper. 13. My daughter requested warm milk. 14. Her old friend didn't write. 15. You will meet their old friends. 16. She will have the warm water. 17. Your new teacher forgot your sugar. 18. The boys hate our new teacher. 19. They sell tea and (kaj) coffee. 20. We will sell her cake and his pens. Note: kaj (and) is pronounced like the ki in kite. Don't forget to add your name and e-mail address, and mail these exercises to the address for your tutor in the Welcome Letter, with subject: 'FEC ekz 2'. __________________________________________________________________________ F R E E E S P E R A N T O C O U R S E __________________________________________________________________________ Lesson Three It may seem like we packed a lot into Lesson Two, but here are the main things you have learned so far: subject thing(s) action object thing(s) -o -as -on -is -oj -os -ojn Mia patrino --------- lavas --------- mian fraton. Niaj fratinoj --------- vidis ------- viajn instruistinojn. You don't have to write sentences in the above word order, but it is the most common form, and for English-speakers it's easier to learn just this pattern at first. Once you realize that "grammar coding" tells you what part each word plays in a sentence (its function), you could, for poetry or emphasis, arrange the coded words in any other order without changing the original meaning. Let's take a look at a couple of examples of different word order and answer a couple of questions (remember to pay attention to the endings of the words). __________________________ extract from here ____________________________ Ekzercoj, Leciono Tri (parto unu) Mian fraton lavis mia patrino. 1. Who was washed? Who did the washing? Instruistinojn viajn fratinoj niaj vidis. 2. Who did the seeing? Who was seen? __________________________ extract to here ____________________________ In this 10-lesson course we are going to stick to the subject-verb-object word order, but in well-written Esperanto texts other word orders are frequently used for reasons of emphasis and text coherence. If you use Esperanto you will rapidly acquire a feeling for word order. The best word order to use depends mainly on the context, so it is difficult to give precise "rules". Let's go on now, right to this lesson's word list below. Vocabulary, lesson three Nouns Verbs (infinitives) Adjectives horo (hour) atendi (to wait for) blanka (white) jaro (year) fumi (to smoke) blua (blue) mateno (morning) kuri (to run) bruna (brown) minuto (minute) sati (to be satisfied) flava (yellow) nokto (night) promeni (to stroll) griza (gray) semajno (week) respondi (to answer) nigra (black) tago (day) soifi (to be thirsty) rugxa (red) vespero (evening) vivi (to live) verda (green) demandi (to inquire, ask a question) Note the difference between demandi (related to questions) and peti (related to requests or "petitions"). Both can be translated as "ask" in English. Remember, j is pronounced like y, so jaro = YAH-row. Adverbs: Adverbs are like adjectives, but instead of describing nouns, adverbs describe verbs and adjectives, usually telling how, when, or where. (Adverbs in English usually end in -ly). In Esperanto, adverbs derived from other words always end in -e. We can use the basic idea of a word in different ways by simply changing the grammar-coded ending: sano = health sxi havas bonan sanon sana = healthy sxi estas sana sani = to be healthy sxi sanas sane = healthily sxi sane vivas Adverbs usually precede the word they describe. Note: The pronunciation of adverbs, ending in "-e", needs some attention. In general, every vowel makes up one syllable (sound unit) of an Esperanto word. Therefore, we must read the two-part sound of "sane" as "SAH-neh" and not as the one-part sound of the English word "sane". Lesson four will concentrate more on the correct sounds of Esperanto. Right now, let's just say that Esperanto "e" should be pronounced as the "e" in "met". Due to different pronunciations throughout the English- speaking world, it is impossible to give exact Esperanto pronunciation in writing. subject thing verb adverb object thing -a -o -as -e -an -on -aj -oj -is -ajn -ojn -os __________________________ extract from here ____________________________ Ekzercoj, Leciono Tri (parto du) 3. My brother will-stroll in-the-morning ("morningly"). 4. His friend replied warmly. 5. The brown pen writes well ("goodly"). 6. The grey teacher runs badly. 7. Our father smokes in-the-evening ("eveningly"). 8. He loves her. 9. He loves her sister. 10. She loves him. __________________________ extract to here ____________________________ Numbers (cardinal numbers are not grammar-coded: no endings) nulo 0 dek 10 tridek 30 unu 1 dek unu 11 tridek unu 31 du 2 dek du 12 tridek du 32 tri 3 dek tri 13 ... kvar 4 dek kvar 14 kvardek 40 kvin 5 ... kvindek 50 ses 6 and so on to sesdek 60 sep 7 dudek 20 cent 100 ok 8 dudek unu 21 mil 1 000 naux 9 ... miliono 1 000 000 Numbers (ordinal numbers have the ending "-a", like adjectives, and take the plural "-j" and object "-n", like adjectives) unua first dudeka twentieth dua second sepdek unua seventy-first tria third centa hundredth unue firstly trie thirdly due secondly kvare fourthly Note: the "aux" is pronounced as "ow" in cow. Note: the adverb form of the numbers is sometimes translated as: unue = in the first place; trie = in the third place, etc. __________________________ extract from here ____________________________ Ekzercoj, Leciono Tri (parto tri) 11. The first man loves the second woman. 12. The second woman hates the first man. 13. Two boys firstly asked for three cakes. 14. In-the-second-place they asked for lemonade. 15. The shop makes bad brown bread. 16. The shop makes brown bread badly. __________________________ extract to here ____________________________ Intransitive verbs do not show action from a subject to an object; instead, intransitive verbs are used to show the state of the subject. Adjectives after intransitive verbs describe the subject. Li estas sana. Sxi estas instruisto (or: instruistino). He is healthy. She is a teacher. The object "-n" is not used after such verbs. __________________________ extract from here ____________________________ Ekzercoj, Leciono Tri (parto kvar) 17. Sixty minutes are one hour. 18. Twenty-four hours are one day (and night). 19. Seven days are one week. 20. The third boy is my second son. If you would like a pronunciation record or other material in Esperanto, write to your national Esperanto organization. The address is in the Welcome Letter. This is not mandatory for this lesson series, but hearing spoken Esperanto is a great help. Don't forget to add your name and e-mail address, and mail these exercises to the address for your tutor in the Welcome Letter, with subject: 'FEC ekz 3'. __________________________________________________________________________ F R E E E S P E R A N T O C O U R S E __________________________________________________________________________ Lesson Four Now let's look at statements, questions, and answers: A statement: La pano estas bruna. The bread is brown. A question: Cxu la pano estas bruna? Is the bread brown? The answer: (a) Jes, la pano estas bruna. (b) Ne, la pano ne estas bruna, gxi estas blanka. Note: Every question is based on a statement; we identify that statement, placing the 'doubting' word cxu (literally, 'whether') in front, and then we are asking "Is this true?" Also note that the word order in Esperanto is not changed; only the word 'cxu' is placed in front of the statement. English question: Will the boys sell the cake? Underlying statement: (The boys will sell the cake.) (La knaboj vendos la kukon.) Esperanto question: Cxu la knaboj vendos la kukon? All 'yes-or-no' questions are handled in the same way. __________________________ extract from here ____________________________ Ekzercoj, Leciono Kvar (parto unu) Change the following statements into questions: Mia filo forgesis la teon. -> Lia patro faras panon. -> La tago estas griza. -> __________________________ extract to here ____________________________ In the first three lessons, you have learned how to write simple statements correctly, and now know how to make questions and give answers. As soon as you have learned all the sounds of Esperanto (detailed, as best as possible in writing, see below) we can start in on conversations, in Lesson Five. (Remember to complete the exercises at the bottom.) The Esperanto alphabet: a b c cx d e f g gx h hx i j jx k l m n o p r s sx t u ux v z Note that the names of the letters (used when spelling aloud, etc.) are a, bo, co, cxo, do, e, fo, go, gxo, ho, hxo, i, etc. That is, the consonants get an 'o' after them, and the name of each vowel is the sound of the vowel itself. Note that "uxo" is pronounced sort of like English 'wo'. There are 26 letters in the English alphabet; 28 in Esperanto. In Esperanto there is no q, w, x, or y. In Esperanto there are 6 letters not found in English (all 6 have accent marks): cx, gx, hx, jx, sx [all circumflexes], and ux [a u-breve]. The Esperanto letters 'j' and 'ux' are not vowels and can combine with real vowels (a, e, i, o, and u) to make 'vowel glides' which must be learned as separate sounds (below). Pronunciation Guide Remember, in Esperanto: one letter - one sound. No exceptions. Vowel Sounds (accented/emphasized vowels are capitalized) a as in Ma, father: blANka sAna grAnda vArma e as in send, met: bEla plEna vErda pEti i as in me, three: vIvi Ami trInki fIlo o as in more, or: Ovo dOmo kIo nOva u as in two, soon: Unu plUmo sUno butIko Consonant Sounds (mainly as in English, except:) c pronounced 'ts' in nests: dAnco leciOno bicIklo cx pronounced 'ch'in church: cxAmbro sandvIcxo cxokolAdo g pronounced 'g' in great: sagEto gustUmi geografIo gx pronounced 'g' in George: mAngxi lOgxi sEgxo hx pronounced 'ch'in Bach: jAhxto hxOro Ehxo j pronounced 'y' in yet: jEs jAro jUna jx pronounced 's' in leisure: jxurnAlo teatrAjxo jxalUzo sx pronounced 'sh'in shoe: sxAti pOsxo sxUo ux is used most often in the combination 'aux' or 'eux' (otherwise it has a 'w' sound, as in weather). Remember: All sounds presented in this Pronunciation Guide are approximations. They are the closest approximations for North American English-speakers. Vowel Glides (diphthongs). The following combinations between a vowel (a, e, o, u) and 'j' or 'ux' make one sound: aj pronounced as 'eye': mAjo kAj semAjno oj pronounced as in 'boy': knAboj vojAgxi gxOjo ej pronounced as in 'they': plEj mEjlo lernEjo uj pronounced 'oo-ee' (quickly) tUj AnglUjo monUjo aux pronounced as in 'cow': nAUX Antaux jxAUXdo eux pronounced as in 'wayward': EuxrOpo neuxtrAla EuxklIdo In all the examples above, the vowel of the stressed (or accented) syllable has been capitalized. This follows the rule without exception that every word in Esperanto is stressed on the next-to-last syllable. Here is a list of words (and translations) that represent sounds in Esperanto [not just those covered above]. Practice them carefully and your pronunciation will get better and better. Anglujo England lernejo school antaux before majo May acxeti to buy mangxi to eat biciklo bicycle mejlo mile cxambro room monujo purse cxokolado chocolate neuxtrala neutral danco dance ovo egg domo house plej most... ehxo echo plena full Euxropo Europe posxo pocket Euxklido Euclid sageto dart geografio geography sandvicxo sandwich gustumi to taste segxo seat, chair gxojo joy suno sun hxoro choir sxati to like jahxto yacht sxuo shoe juna young teatrajxo (theatrical) play jxaluzo jealousy tuj immediately jxauxdo Thursday vojagxi to travel jxurnalo newspaper kio what (thing) leciono lesson best advice: practice! practice! libro book practice! logxi to reside __________________________ extract from here ____________________________ Ekzercoj, Leciono Kvar (parto du) (translate, but don't answer!) 1. Is father making a cake? 2. Did the son forget the milk? 3. Will father sell the cakes? 4. Does a healthy boy drink warm milk? 5. Will the daughter eat a sandwich? 6. Did the new teacher forget your sugar? 7. Do they sell tea and coffee? 8. Did the sick girl write badly? 9. Is he healthy? 10. Are seven days one week? Answer in Esperanto; use complete sentences, not just jes or ne. 11. Is milk white? 12. Is water dry? 13. Is the sun warm? 14. Is your mother a man? 15. Are you wearing an empty shoe? 16. Do two and two make four? [Use "estas"] 17. Do you eat water? 18. Is coffee blue? 19. Are seven days one week? 20. Do you drink cakes? (Sorry about the silly questions, but the answers are easy.) Don't forget to add your name and e-mail address, and mail these exercises to the address for your tutor in the Welcome Letter, with subject: 'FEC ekz 4'. __________________________________________________________________________ F R E E E S P E R A N T O C O U R S E __________________________________________________________________________ Lesson Five Saluton! (Hello! Greetings!) Bonan tagon! Good day! Bonan matenon! Good morning! Bonan vesperon! Good evening! Bonan nokton! Good night! Kiel vi fartas? How are you? (farti = to fare, be) Bone, dankon. Kaj vi? Fine, thanks. And you? Suficxe bone. So-so. (literally, sufficiently well) Ne tre bone. Not so good. Bonan apetiton! Enjoy your food! (Bon appetit!) Je via sano! To your health! Same al vi, dankon. Same to you, thanks. Gxis la revido. See you later. (literally, until the re-seeing) Adiaux. Goodbye. (Adieu). Conversation: If two people can talk about themselves for 5 minutes each, then they can easily have at least a 10 minute conversation. By the end of this 10 lesson course, you should have written down all your vital statistics and personal details (true or false!) and you should know them by heart. After that, you should be able to give a brief talk about yourself in Esperanto, even if you have to prompt yourself with a 'cheat-sheet' in English. Let's take a look at an example about John Brown: Mia nomo estas Johano Bruno. Mi logxas en Usono. Mi komencis lerni Esperanton antaux kvar semajnoj. Gxi estas tre facila lingvo. Mi logxas en domo kun mia edzino kaj niaj infanoj. Ni havas unu filinon kaj du filojn. Mi havas korespondantojn en tri landoj. There are 45 very useful words which are a part of a regular system of correlated words (known technically, therefore, as "correlatives"). The meaning of any correlative is the combined meaning of the root (beginning) and the ending: (simple, isn't it?) ki- [what] -o thing -a kind of, sort of ti- [that] -e place -u one, or person i- [some] -om quantity (amount) -am time cxi- [every] -al reason, for...reason -el manner, in...way neni- [no] -es one's; person's examples: tio = that thing iam = sometime nenie = no where Typical correlatives and their equally typical English equivalents: English Esperanto how? (in) what manner kiel when? (at) what time kiam where? (at, in) what place kie why? (for) what reason kial how much? (in) what amount kiom always (at) every time cxiam thus (in) that way, manner tiel nobody no one, no person neniu somewhere (at) some place ie Pay attention to the accent: ne-NI-e, KI-u, TI-al, etc. Note that in English prepositions may be included in the meaning of the Esperanto correlative. The endings "a" and "u" take the grammar coding "-n" and/or "-j" where appropriate. The ending "o" takes the grammar coding "-n" where appropriate. If a question contains a question word such as "kio" or "kie", one does not use the yes/no question word "cxu": What is that? = Kio estas tio? Where is that? = Kie estas tio? Compare with: Are you drinking? = Cxu vi trinkas? __________________________ extract from here ____________________________ Ekzercoj, Leciono Kvin (Translate into Esperanto) 1. What (thing) is that (thing)? 2. Where is my cup? 3. Which is my book? * 4. Who ate my cake? * 5. When will you eat? 6. Everything is wet. 7. I forgot everything. 8. My pen is somewhere. 9. Then I drank my tea. 10. How much (do) you have? [do is not to be translated] 11. How (does) she run? 12. Why are you smoking? [use simple verb form] 13. Nobody's coffee has milk. 14. How (did) you make it? 15. I am not that-kind-of girl. 16. We have all-kinds-of cups. 17. What kind of sandwich do you have? 18. What did you ask for? 19. Is everyone dry? 20. Who is that? * Note the difference between kio and kiu. kio = what thing; e.g., plumo, taso, limonado, etc. kiu = which thing; e.g., la nigra plumo, la unua domo, etc. kiu also means who. Kiu vi estas? Don't forget to add your name and e-mail address, and mail these exercises to the address for your tutor in the Welcome Letter, with subject: 'FEC ekz 5'. __________________________________________________________________________ F R E E E S P E R A N T O C O U R S E __________________________________________________________________________ Lesson Six A real quick overview of the lessons so far: subject thing(s) action object thing(s) adjective/noun verb/adverb adjective/noun -as -a(j) -o(j) -is -e -a(j)n -o(j)n -os Bona knabino lernis rapide malfacilan lingvon. Malbonaj knabinoj lernos malrapide facilajn lingvojn. To form questions, place "cxu" in front of the statements: La knabo mangxas. Cxu la knabo mangxas? __________________________ extract from here ____________________________ Ekzercoj, Leciono Ses (parto unu) [ki-, ti-, i-, cxi-, neni-] plus [o, a, e, u, om, am , el, al, es] forms 45 correlative (interrelated) words. Give below the meanings of the roots (5) and endings (9): ki o a ti e u i om am cxi el al neni es __________________________ extract to here ____________________________ Try without referring back to lesson five. If you find yourself referring too often, you may want to review the lesson before continuing. The correlatives are hard to learn out of context, but the combinations will come naturally after a while. Difficult sound: one of the hardest sounds for English speakers to master is the 'c' or /ts/ sound. Imagine it as below and it's easier than it seems: danco leciono biciklo say: DANT-so let-si-ON-o bit-SI-klo Vocabulary note: The English word 'old' may be the opposite of both 'new' and 'young'. Therefore there are two translations for 'old' in Esperanto: juna (young) - maljuna (old) or nova (new) - malnova (old). Pay attention! Prepositions (little words which show the relationship between two other words.) cup on table; saucer under cup; milk with sugar in coffee Some prepositions in Esperanto: al to gxis until, up to cxe near, with kun with, together de of, from por for dum while, during pro for (because of) en in sub under sur on (position) Mi estas membro de la Junulara Esperantista Klubo, kaj mi iris al la Esperanto-Kongreso, kiu okazis en San-Francisko. Ni vojagxis de Nov-Jorko dum tri tagoj en nia auxtobuseto, kaj ne haltis gxis ni alvenis al Dalaso, en Teksaso. Tie ni vizitis niajn geamikojn kaj mangxis. Ni portis sandvicxojn por la tagmangxo, kaj ili estis sub la segxoj sur kiuj ni sidis. Ni dankis niajn geamikojn pro la bona kongreso. [Vocabulary: Junularo: a group of young people; okazi: to take place; auxtobuseto: minibus; alveni al: to arrive at; tagmangxo: lunch; geamikoj: friends (male and female); iri: to go]. Note the use of "pro" after "dankis". Prepositions can be tricky - there is no word-for-word correspondence between prepositions in English and Esperanto. The "Plena Vortaro" (Esperanto-Esperanto dictionary) is a good source of examples. More prepositions in Esperanto: anstataux instead of kontraux against antaux in front of, before per with (by means of) apud near, next to post after (time) da of (quantities) pri about, concerning ekster outside (of) sen without el out of, from within super above inter among, between tra through La knabo sen hejmtasko staris antaux la instruisto; anstataux la hejmtasko, li prenis el koverto leteron pri la afero. Estis bela tago ekster la cxambro, kaj la instruisto staris apud la fenestro, tra kiu venis brila sunlumo, per kiu li legis la leteron. Inter la vortoj estis tiom da tipaj knabaj eraroj, ke post nelonge, la knabo klinigxis super la tablo, kaj pantoflo batis kontraux lia postajxo. [Vocabulary: hejmtasko: homework; stari: to stand; preni: to take; koverto: envelope; afero: case; fenestro: window; veni: to come; sunlumo: sunlight; legi: to read; vorto: word; tipa: typical; klini: bow, lean over; pantoflo: slipper; bati: to hit; postajxo: behind, bottom] __________________________ extract from here ____________________________ Ekzercoj, Leciono Ses (parto du) Respondu cxi tiujn demandojn en Esperanto: (Answer these questions in Esperanto) 1. Kia klubo gxi estas? 2. Kion ni portis kun ni? 3. Kie ili estis? 4. Kio okazis en San-Francisko? 5. Dum kiom da tagoj ni vojagxis? 6. Cxu iu staris antaux la instruisto? 7. Kio venis tra la fenestro? 8. Kiom da hejmtaskoj faris la knabo? 9. Kiel la instruisto batis lin (per kio?) 10. Kial la instruisto batis lin? (cxar = because) __________________________ extract to here ____________________________ More about prepositions: When an 'object thing' occurs in a sentence, and when that 'object thing' is a pronoun (I, he, she, etc.) it takes the object or accusative form (me, him, her, etc). Thus we say that the preposition in English 'governs' or requires the accusative form. The only place in English where the accusative is different from the nominative (subject form) is in the pronouns. A cake for him. A letter for her. In Esperanto, a preposition governs the nominative (subject) form of a thing, either noun or pronoun. Kuko por li. (not lin!) Letero por sxi. (not sxin!) You will be well understood if you follow this rule. But don't be surprised if you see a preposition followed by a "-n" word! Let's see why: There is a difference between "I walked in the garden" and "I walked into the garden". In the first case, I was already in the garden, walking around, and in the second case, I was outside the garden and walked to a position inside the garden. Instead of "I walked into the garden" we can say: "I walked to in-the-garden", which translates: "Mi promenis al en-la-gxardeno." and we actually say:"Mi promenis en la gxardenon." Ah ha! The last "-n" indicates the omitted preposition, usually 'al', which showed movement toward something. Therefore we can say, "The accusative "-n" after a preposition shows motions toward." Mi iris en la cxambron. (into the room) Mi promenas ekster la domon. (to the outside of) Do not use "-n" after: al, gxis, de, el. They already show motion. Also: Use "-n" with dates to show an omitted preposition: Mi estis en Nov-Jorko pasintan mardon [(on) last Tuesday]. __________________________ extract from here ____________________________ Ekzercoj, Leciono Ses (parto tri) Translate into Esperanto. 11. I came on a bicycle. 12. I cycled into San Francisco. 13. I cycled in San Francisco. 14. She runs on the grass (herbo). 15. He will run onto the grass. 16. He ran behind the tree (arbo). 17. He smoked behind the tree. 18. She traveled with a friend. 19. He wrote with a pen. 20. He put (meti) the pen under the paper. Don't forget to add your name and e-mail address, and mail these exercises to the address for your tutor in the Welcome Letter, with subject: 'FEC ekz 6'. __________________________________________________________________________ F R E E E S P E R A N T O C O U R S E __________________________________________________________________________ Lesson Seven In school students can expect to study French for about 5 years, 40 weeks in the year, 4 lessons a week at about (on the average) 30 minutes for each lesson. Or, roughly, about 400 hours. By the end of this time, only about 10% of the students would receive a passing grade on a decent exam, and not all of those would be understood in France. Esperanto is about 5 to 10 times easier to learn than French, so you would expect to take about 40 to 80 hours of study to achieve a comparable language level in Esperanto, but in these ten network lessons you may spend a total of only 10 hours. So you can easily see that this course will not have you speaking fluent Esperanto by Lesson Ten, but it will have introduced you to the basic principles of the language, which by now should not appear so 'foreign' to you if you were to pick up a textbook or elementary reader. Rowing across the ocean would be more satisfying (and a little bit easier) if you could see the milestones going by. Otherwise, once out of sight of land, it is an act of faith whether you are making any progress at all. In the same way in learning a language, are you really learning more than you are forgetting? In a 'correspondence' course such as this one, it is impossible to test your speaking and listening abilities. That will come at some later level in your quest for complete control over the International Language. Right now, we will have to be content with written tests and exercises. Below, you will find a series of vocabulary and grammar ("fill-in-the-blank") exercises to be used as sort of a test. Try to complete and send in these exercises without referring back to previous lessons. If you do look back, then you never really will know how much you've learned so far. So, do the exercises and study the little bit of new material. __________________________ extract from here ____________________________ Ekzercoj, Leciono Sep Vocabulary Test (Translate into English): 1. akvo 31. frato 2. al 32. fumi 3. ami 33. granda 4. amiko 34. gxis 5. Anglujo 35. gxojo 6. atendi 36. havi 7. auxtobuseto 37. hejmo 8. bela 38. horo 9. biciklo 39. ili 10. blanka 40. instruisto 11. blua 41. juna 12. bona 42. kafo 13. bruna 43. kaj 14. butiko 44. kial 15. cigaredo 45. kiam 16. cxambro 46. kiel 17. cxe 47. kies 18. cxokolado 48. kiom 19. danco 49. knabo 20. de 50. kuko 21. dek 51. kun 22. demandi 52. kuri 23. domo 53. kvar 24. du 54. kvin 25. dum 55. lakto 26. en 56. lavi 27. esti 57. mangxi 28. fari 58. patro 29. flava 59. skribi 30. forgesi 60. verda Grammar Test (Replace 'missing bits'): Use the following 'missing bits': a, aj, aj, al, an, cxe, cxion, cxiuj, de, dum, e, e, en, estas, gxis, havas, ili, in, ist, iu, jun, kaj, kiel, kies, kio, kun, la, mal, ne, o, o, oj, ojn, on, on, por, sub, sur, tio, as, as, tiu, tiom. 61. The boy 73. Start working quietly ___ knab___ Eklaboru silent___ 62. A good boy 74. Whose book is that? ___ bon___ knabo ___ libro estas ___? 63. And a girl 75. How (did) you do so-much? ___ knab___o ___ vi faris ___? 64. The girl is bad 76. Do everything again La knabino ___ ___bona Refaru ___ 65. She has a cigarette 77. To the club in Paris Sxi ___ cigared___ ___ la klubo ___ Parizo 66. Men smoke cigarettes 78. In the minibus from London Vir___ fumas cigared___ ___ la auxtobuseto ___ Londono 67. Good girls don't smoke 79. With lemonade under the seats Bon___ knabinoj ___ fumas ___ limonado ___ la segxoj 68. But they quickly learn 80. For drinking whilst we journey Sed ___ rapid___ lern___ ___ trinkado ___ ni vojagxas 69. The pupils are young 81. On the freeway as far as Paris La lernantoj estas jun___ ___ la sxoseo ___ Parizo 70. They have a new school 82. We all run on to the beach Ili havas nov___ lernejon Ni ___ kur___ sur la plagx___ 71. The teacher is old 83. And someone swims in the sea La instru___o estas mal___a Kaj ___ nagxas en la mar___ 72. 'What's that?' he asks '___ estas ___?' li demandas __________________________ extract to here ____________________________ Let's take a look now at some very important verbs... voli (want), povi (can, be able), devi (must, have to) Mi volas veni Mi volas kompreni I want to come I want to understand Mi povas veni Mi povas kompreni I am able to come I am able to understand I can come I can understand Mi devas veni Mi devas kompreni I must come I must understand I have to come I have to understand [Always use the infinitive verb after voli, povi, devi.] placxi al, sxati, ami Io aux iu placxas al mi. Something or someone is pleasing to me. I like someone or something (a mild, noncommittal verb) Mi sxatas ion. I esteem, greatly like something. (inanimate objects, etc.) Mi amas iun. I love someone (or pets). Libroj placxas al mi. Books are pleasing to me. I like books. Betty placxas al mi. Betty is pleasing to me. I like Betty. Mi sxatas cxokoladajn kuketojn. I really like chocolate cupcakes. Mi amas vian filinon. I love (am in love with) your daughter. koni vs. scii Mi konas... I know OF, I am aware of such a person, place or thing, or happening. Mi scias... I know something, have studied it. Cxu vi konas Johanon? Do you know John? Cxu vi scias Esperanton? Do you know Esperanto? Cxu vi konas Esperanton? Are you familiar with Esperanto? Don't forget to add your name and e-mail address, and mail the exercises to the address for your tutor in the Welcome Letter, with subject: 'FEC ekz 7'. __________________________________________________________________________ F R E E E S P E R A N T O C O U R S E __________________________________________________________________________ Leciono Ok We need to consider actions (verbs) in more detail. We have already dealt with the simple verbs ending in "is", "as", and "os". Now we take a look at compound (two-part) verbs, in which the first part gives the general time of the action and the second part gives the state of the action. Before looking at the Esperanto use of compound verbs, let's look at the use of compound verbs in English. __________________________ extract from here ____________________________ Ekzercoj, Leciono Ok (parto unu) In the following diagram, under 'General Time', write either yesterday, now, tomorrow. Under 'State of Action', write completed, on-going, or not yet. General Time State of Action He is reading He was reading He will have eaten He is about to go He will be reading He has eaten He was about to write He had eaten He will be about to go __________________________ extract to here ____________________________ Notice that the first part of the two-part verb, which we call the auxiliary or helping verb, is 'to be' except when the action has been completed; in that case, English uses the auxiliary verb 'to have'. In Esperanto, the auxiliary verb is always esti (to be). (yesterday) Li estis \/ mangxinta (completed) (now) Li estas -- leganta (proceeding) (tomorrow) Li estos /\ skribonta (not yet) The idea is simple, but the explanation is somewhat confusing and difficult; hang in there! Let's look now at a fuller demonstration of Compound Verbs in Esperanto.... Compound Verb Tenses - Active (inta, anta, onta) Jeanne has regular habits. Using simple verb tenses we say: every day at 8:00 "She eats her breakfast." "Sxi mangxas sian matenmangxon." (sia - his/her own) every day at 8:05 "She reads her paper." "Sxi legas sian jxurnalon." every day at 8:10 "She writes a letter." "Sxi skribas leteron." But none of these actions is instantaneous, and we can show this better by using the compound verb tenses: and say at 8:00 "She is eating her breakfast." "Sxi estas mangxanta sian matenmangxon." and say at 8:05 "She is reading her paper." "Sxi estas leganta sian jxurnalon." and say at 8:10 "She is writing a letter." "Sxi estas skribanta leteron." Suppose we are spying on her, and we report by phone at 8:05; then at 8:05 we would say: present state of time action "She has eaten her breakfast." "Sxi estas mangxinta sian matenmangxon." "She is reading her paper." "Sxi estas leganta sian jxurnalon." "She is about to write a letter." "Sxi estas skribonta leteron." Later during the day, we may have to confirm in writing what we previously reported. Then we would say that by 8:05: "She had eaten her breakfast" "Sxi estis mangxinta sian matenmangxon." "She was reading her paper." "Sxi estis leganta sian jxurnalon." "She was about to write a letter." "Sxi estis skribonta leteron." Also, we must tell the next day's spy what to expect. We tell her that if she gets there by 8:05, she will find that: "She will have eaten her breakfast." "Sxi estos mangxinta sian matenmangxon." "She will be reading her paper." "Sxi estos leganta sian jxurnalon." "She will be about to write a letter." "Sxi estos skribonta leteron." Compound Verb Tenses - Active Participles (action is preformed by the subject of the sentence) inta (action recently completed). anta (action still on-going) onta (action soon to begin) Please note: because participles are actually adjectives, [Cf. kuranta knabo, a running boy] they must agree in number with the subject. For example, Ili estas mangxintaj They have eaten Ni estis irontaj We were about to go Vi estos skribantaj You will be writing __________________________ extract from here ____________________________ Ekzercoj, Leciono Ok (parto du) (translate into Esperanto, using compound verbs): 1. Father is reading a book [libro]. 2. Mother is making a cake. 3. The boys are about to write. 4. The boy is about to drink tea. 5. Who has washed the small boy? 6. Father was reading a book. 7. Who has eaten my cake? 8. Mother was making a beautiful cake. 9. The boy was about to write. 10. They were going to write. 11. My brother has washed [lavi] my car [auxto]. 12. My sister had eaten my cake. 13. Father will be reading a book. 14. I will be selling tea and coffee. 15. The boy will be about to write a letter. 16. He will have eaten. 17. He is shooting [pafi]. 18. He is going to score [trafi]. 19. He has scored. 20. He had scored. Perk up! The worst is over! Just some odd bits left over for the next two lessons. Don't forget to add your name and e-mail address, and mail these exercises to the address for your tutor in the Welcome Letter, with subject: 'FEC ekz 8'. __________________________________________________________________________ F R E E E S P E R A N T O C O U R S E __________________________________________________________________________ Leciono Naux Wow! That last lesson had a lot in it, so let's do something a little simpler. Numbers: unu du tri kvar kvin ses Fractions: duono triono kvarono kvinono sesono 1/3 = (unu) triono; 3/4 = tri kvaronoj; 7/16 = sep deksesonoj; 5/8 = kvin okonoj Note the following: (contrast the expressions) I look, and then I see. Mi rigardas, kaj tiam mi vidas. I listen, and then I hear. Mi auxskultas, kaj tiam mi auxdas. I think, then afterwards I have an opinion. Mi pensas, kaj poste mi havas opinion. [I think that... Mi opinias, ke...] His father drank his lemonade. (Whose lemonade?) Lia patro trinkis lian limonadon. (NOT the father's lemonade) Lia patro trinkis sian limonadon. (YES, the father's lemonade) sia (third person) refers to the subject of the sentence: (his own, her own, one's own, their own). The box is blue, isn't it? La skatolo estas blua, cxu ne? [Watch your answer! The box isn't blue, is it? What would JES mean?] La skatolo ne estas blua, cxu? Shades of meaning by using the suffixes -eg and -et: bonega excellent varmega hot bona good varma warm boneta fair varmeta lukewarm malboneta poor malvarmeta cool malbona bad malvarma cold malbonega terrible malvarmega freezing Verb prefixes and suffixes: ek-, -ad-, -igx-, and -ig- La suno ekbrilis. The sun began to shine. ek La birdoj ekkantis. The birds began to sing. La ondoj ekdancis. The waves began to dance. The waves suddenly danced. La suno briladis. The sun kept on shining. The sun shone and shone. ad La birdoj kantadis. The birds kept on singing. The birds sang and sang. La ondoj dancadis. The waves kept on dancing. The waves danced and danced. La sablo sekigxis. The sand became (got) dry. The sand dried up. igx La aero varmigxis. The air became (got) warm. The air warmed up. La homoj rugxigxis The people became (got) red. The people reddened (blushed). La suno sekigis la sablon. The sun made the sand dry. The sun dried up the sand. ig La suno varmigis la aeron. The sun made the air warm. The sun warmed up the air. La suno rugxigis la homojn. The sun made the people red. The sun reddened the people __________________________ extract from here ____________________________ Ekzercoj, Leciono Naux (parto unu) Translate into Esperanto: 1. He ate three-fourths of [de] the cake. 2. I think that Esperanto is an easy language [lingvo]. 3. Her mother washed her dress [robo]. [The dress was the daughter's] 4. Their mothers washed their (own) dresses. 5. The evenings are cool, aren't they? __________________________ extract to here ____________________________ (Read in Esperanto) cxe la junulara klubo La vivo cxe nia klubo estas tre interesa. Je la 7-a (sepa), diskludilo ekludas, kaj ludadas gxis la 8-a, kiam gxi silentigxas. Ni studadas inter la 8-a kaj la 9-a, kaj ankaux la instruisto paroladas al ni (=li faras paroladon). Je la 9-a, ni mangxetas kaj la diskoj eksonas denove, kaj la dancado dauxras gxis la 10-a kiam ni ekiras hejmen. Esperanto interesas min. Mi interesigxis antaux du monatoj, kaj tiam mi aligxis al la klubo; mi ankaux interesigis mian fratinon, kaj varbis sxin. Dum la unua horo, ni ludas tablotenison kaj bilardon. Mi plibonigxas je tabloteniso, sed malplibonigxas je bilardo. Dum la dua horo, ni havas legadon, skribadon, kaj esperantan kantadon. Poste, du frauxlinoj varmigas la kafon, kaj kiam la kafo suficxe varmigxas, oni malfermas la bufedon. La kafo estas suficxe varma je la 9-a. La novaj membroj rapide interesigxas pri la aliaj geknaboj cxe la klubo. Ili ofte ekrigardas unu la alian, kaj de tempo al tempo frauxlino ekploras se sxia amiko interesigxas pri alia frauxlino. [disk-lud-il-o: record player; ludi: to play; studi: to study; monato: month; ankaux: also; paroli: to speak; parol-ad-i: to lecture; soni: to sound; denove: again; dauxri: to continue; iri: to go; aligxi: to join; varbi: to recruit; frauxlo: bachelor; fermi: to close; bufedo: buffet; ofte: often; plori: to cry; alia: another; tempo: time.] Note: pli = more; plej = most; malpli = less; malplej = least. So: pli bona: better; plej bona: best; malpli bona: worse; malplej bona: worst. __________________________ extract from here ____________________________ Ekzercoj, Leciono Naux (parto du) Answer in English and Esperanto: 6. Kiom da horoj la disko sonas? 7. Kiam mi aligxis al la klubo? 8. Kio okazas kiam la kafo estas suficxe varma? 9. Kial frauxlino ekploras de tempo al tempo? __________________________ extract to here ____________________________ Time: "Kioma (how-many-eth) horo (hour) estas?" For hours, "Estas la unua, la dua, la tria, ktp ("etc."). For hours plus minutes, "Estas la tria, dudek" or "Estas la tria kaj dudek (3:20)". Also used: "Estas la sepa kaj duono (7:30)" or "Estas la sepa kaj kvarono (7:15)." Indirect Speech: (note the use of tense in Esperanto) "direct" He said, "I came from New York." Li diris, "Mi venis de Nov-Jorko." "indirect" He said (that) he came from New York. Li diris, ke li venis de Nov-Jorko. "direct" He said, "I'm waiting for my suitcase." Li diris, "Mi atendas mian valizon." "indirect" He said (that) he was waiting for his suitcase. Li diris, ke li atendas sian valizon. "direct" He said, "I shall go to Paris." Li diris, "Mi iros al Parizo." "indirect" He said (that) he was going to Paris. Li diris, ke li iros al Parizo. In indirect speech, always use the verb that would be used in the direct speech equivalent. This is sometimes called "the logical tense". Also note that you must always use "ke" (that) even if it is not used in the English sentence. __________________________ extract from here ____________________________ Ekzercoj, Leciono Naux (parto tri) Translate into Esperanto: 10. She said, "I write badly." 11. She said that she wrote badly. 12. They said, "We washed the cups." 13. They said they had washed the cups. 14. You said, "I will drink lemonade." 15. You said you would drink lemonade. 16. He said he was unhappy. [happy = felicxa] 17. She said she would come. 18. They said they had eaten the cake. 19. They said, "We are going-to-eat the cake." 20. They said they were going-to-eat the cake. Don't forget to add your name and e-mail address, and mail these exercises to the address for your tutor in the Welcome Letter, with subject: 'FEC ekz 9'. __________________________________________________________________________ F R E E E S P E R A N T O C O U R S E __________________________________________________________________________ Leciono Dek Regular word building: Applicable to all animal families: ox cow calf herd bovo bovino bovido bovaro sheep ewe lamb flock sxafo sxafino sxafido sxafaro dog bitch puppy pack hundo hundino hundido hundaro horse mare foal herd cxevalo ... ... ... rabbit rabbit -- -- kuniklo ... ... ... Got the idea? In Esperanto it's easy, but in English it's hard! A few more word building suffixes and prefixes: ge- gepatroj gesinjoroj geknaboj of both parents ladies and boys and girls sexes gentlemen -an klubano vilagxano nov-jorkano member of club member villager New Yorker -eg pluvego ridego bonega enormous downpour hearty laugh excellent -ej klubejo trinkejo necesejo place for clubhouse pub restroom (WC) -et libreto mangxeto monteto tiny booklet snack hill -ul junulo blindulo belulino person youth blind person a beauty bo- bofrato bopatrino in-law brother-in-law mother-in-law Logic dictates when to use prefixes and suffixes, but there are no precise rules. So use them when they make sense. Can anything be easier? Kio estas la puno por bigamio? Du bopatrinoj! Summary of verb forms: (What makes the following so great is that it can be used with all verbs; no exceptions!) Simple verb forms (use with any noun or pronoun subject). dormi [infinitive] to sleep dormis [past time] (yesterday) dormas [present time] (now) dormos [future time] (tomorrow) dormus [conditional] Se mi estus ricxa, mi estus kontenta. If I were rich, I would be content. (describes situation that aren't true.) dormu! [imperative] A command! Aux silentu, aux foriru. Either be quiet or go away. Common verb affixes: re: repeat of action; again re- -igx- ek: sudden start or short duration [verb root] -ad- ad: continual action ek- -ig- igx: to become ig: to make (something happen) Compound verbs - active (Action by the subject of sentence) Sxi estis mangxinta sian matenmangxon. Sxi estas leganta sian jxurnalon. Sxi estos skribonta leteron. Note: participles can have a plural form: Mi estas mangxinta. Ni estas mangxintaj. And participles can be used as adjectives: La dormanta knabo: The sleeping boy. Compound verbs - passive (Action on the subject of sentence) Compare: active: Li estas leganta la jxurnalon. He is reading the newspaper. passive: La jxurnalo estas legata de li. The paper is being-read by him. Compare with lesson 8: La matenmangxo estis \/ mangxita de sxi. La jxurnalo estas -- legata de sxi. La letero estos /\ skribota de sxi. ita, been -ed; ata, being -ed; ota, about to be -ed. Our apologies for packing all that stuff in such a small mail - but just try to cover the same information about any other language in anything smaller than a textbook. The compound verbs are used a lot less in Esperanto than in English. Use of the simple form is usually good enough. Instead of "Li estis mangxinta", we say "Li mangxis." Participles can be used as nouns. aminto someone who was loving active: amanto someone who is loving amonto someone who will-be loving amito someone who was loved passive: amato someone who is loved amoto someone who will-be loved Noun participles can have feminine [amantino] and plural [amatoj] forms. They can be formed from any verb [parolanto, dormintoj, falontino (the girl who is about to fall)]. Note the difference between -anto and -isto: instruanto: one who teaches (not professionally) instruisto: a teacher (professional) A little more about the correlatives in lesson 5: tio = that thing cxi tio = this thing tiu = that (one, person) cxi tiu = this one, person tie = there, that place cxi tie = this place, here kiom = how much, how many; kiom da = how many (of) something Kiom da amikoj vi havas? How many friends do you have? Kiom gxi kostas? How much does it cost? kies = whose Kies plumo gxi estas? Whose pen is it? answer: Gxi estas la plumo de Johano. (No shorter way of saying "John's pen") Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday dimancxo lundo mardo merkredo jxauxdo vendredo sabato January February March April May June July januaro februaro marto aprilo majo junio julio August September October November December auxgusto septembro oktobro novembro decembro La Lingvo Por Ni (Tune: My Bonnie Lies Over the Ocean) Sur montoj kaj step' indianoj, Cxasadas kun rugx-famili', Kaj se vi postulas parolon, el kanjon' eliras la kri': # ES-PER-AN-TO estas la lingvo por ni, por ni! ES PER AN TO estas la lingvo por ni! En densa afrika gxangalo, la bonaj amikoj de ni Jam solvis la lingvan problemon, Per tamtam' eliras la kri': # Cxe norda poluso eskimoj, logxadas en negxo, glaci'; Se ili bezonas parolon, auxdigxas la tutsama kri'; # Sur tuta la vasta terglobo, en urboj el cxiu naci' Trovigxas sam-ide-an-aro, de buboj elsonas la kri': # Indianoj, nigruloj, eskimoj; urbanoj kaj buboj kaj mi Jam uzas la Zamenhof-lingvon, Do, vivu, prosperu la kri': # (Note: An apostrophe denotes an "o" which as been left out for poetic or musical reasons, do not do this in prose.) HEY, IT'S ME, NOAM, YOUR KOREKTANTO! I want to add something here. The replacement of the final "o" in a noun without the -j or -n endings by an apostrophe, or of the "a" in "la" by an apostrophe when there's a vowel either to before or after the "la" (lest it be unpronouncable) is allowed, though used almost exclusively in poetry. This is called elision (elizio). Look at Twinkle Twinkle Little Star in Esperanto: Brilu, brilu eta stel', Diamanto de l' ^ciel'. Tiel alta super Ter', Kio estas vi, en ver'? Brilu, brilu eta stel', Diamanto de l' ^ciel'. Stelo = star, diamanto = diamond, ^cielo = sky, tero = earth/land/ground. Sorry to take your time. Back to the lesson... With this lesson you will find the final set of exercises. Complete the 50 sentences and send them back to your tutor. After correction, he will send them back to you, and by separate mail you will receive an atestilo (Certificate of Completion). We would be very happy to receive from you any comments you may have about the course and a note about your plans for Esperanto - traveling, reading, corresponding, etc. Send them to the central address (the one in the monthly posting). There are many good books for beginning reading. Write to the book service of your national Esperanto association. They will be glad to send you a book list and suggest suitable reading material. You can also try the book service of the Universala Esperanto-Asocio, which claims to have the biggest Esperanto-bookstore. For addresses, see lesson 1. Note that in Canada, the address is: Esperanto-Libroservo, 6358-A, rue de Bordeaux, Montreal, Quebec, H2G 2R8, +1 514 272 0151. We strongly recommend that you join your local Esperanto club or society and participate in the activities. Or if there isn't a club in your region, start one up! For those who live in the USA: ELNA provides a list of local groups, if you send them a self-addressed stamped envelope. Vi jam finis vian unuan kurson de Esperanto. Ni deziras por vi plej bonan sukceson! Gxis la revido! __________________________ extract from here ____________________________ Ekzercoj, Leciono Dek Translate into Esperanto. [Close as possible with comments in bracket to clarify the English. Multiple translations are possible. Think in Esperanto; trying to translate word-for-word may not help!] 1. The boy. 2. A good boy. 3. And a girl. 4. The girl is bad. 5. She has a beer. 6. Real men drink beer. [real = vera] 7. Good girls don't smoke. 8. But they quickly learn. 9. The pupils are young. [pupil = "one who is learning"] 10. They have a new school. 11. The teacher is old. 12. What's that? 13. Why do you keep on talking? 14. Start working quietly. 15. Whose book is that? 16. How did you do so much? 17. Do everything again. 18. We went to the club at Houston. 19. We will go in the minibus from Calgary. 20. With beer under the seats. 21. For drinking while we travel. [make "drinking" an extended activity] 22. On the freeway as far as the sea. 23. We all run onto the beach. 24. And someone swims in the sea. 25. Would you like to go? 26. He caught the ball. 27. Shoot! You'll score something. 28. He has caught the ball. 29. He is shooting. 30. He is going to score. 31. He had gone. 32. The goal has been scored. 33. The game was going to be won. 34. Do you know a blonde? [a female blonde] 35. Who knows how to cook? 36. I must meet her. 37. I'd love such a wife. 38. Sharpen my knife. 39. I like my food. 40. My parents are shopping. 41. I want a tiny dog. ["tiny dog" is one word] 42. If I had a puppy... 43. It would become bigger. 44. I can imagine it there. 45. There it is, with a huge bone. 46. Why not go to Paris? 47. Our club members went there. 48. Drink some of their wine. 49. We have sweet wines here. 50. What time is it? ball pilko beach plagxo blonde blonda Calgary Kalgario freeway sxoseo gain (win) gajno game ludo goal golo Paris Parizo quiet silenta sea maro seat segxo sweet dolcxa to imagine imagi to eat mangxi to cut trancxi to score trafi to swim nagxi to shoot pafi Don't forget to add your name and e-mail address, and mail these exercises to the address for your tutor in the Welcome Letter, with subject: 'FEC ekz 10'.