By James Conway from a chapter of my yet to be published book
_Catastrophics & Chronology_
The Bible is history, but a modern history of it can not be written if
the contemporary nation kings in it are wrongfully designated. Chronology
is essential so the first order of business must be the proper chronology
of the Bible itself.
Today's Bible chronology:
Israel chronology BCE
2140 Abraham 100
2040 Isaac 60
1980 Jacob 100
1880 Joseph 430 Samaritan Chronicle
1450 Moses (80)
1530 Moses 120
1440 Exodus 40 1410 Joshua 28
1382 Interregnum 18
1400 Othniel 40 1364 Cushan 8
1356 Nathanel 9
1360 Ehud 80 1347 Jehud 18
1329 Gomer 20
1280 Shamgar 1 1309 Parak 30
1279 Jabin 20
1279 Deborah 40 1259 Deborah 23 20
1236 Midianites 7
1239 Gideon 40 1229 Gideon 30
As can be seen the above solution to the Judges era is that the periods
of occupation were contemporary with the Judges lengths of rule.
1199 Abimelech 3
1196 Tola 23
1173 Jair 22 1169 Ammonites 18
1151 Jephthath 6
1145 Izban 7 1145 Abhoda 9
1138 Elon 10 1136 Ebhen Lel 28
1128 Abdon 8
1120 Samson 20
1100 Eli 40 1108 Anitel 40
1080 Interregnum 20 1068 SMSM
1060 Samuel 40
1020 Saul 40
999 Ishbosheth 2
997 David 33
964 Solomon 40
928 Rehoboam 17 928 Jehoboam 22
911 Abia 3 906 Nadab 2
908 Asa 41 904 Baasha 24
867 Jehoshaphat 25 880 Elah 2
842 Joram 8 878 Omri 12
834 Ahaziah 1 866 Ahab 22
833 Athaliah 2 844 Ahaziah 2
831 Joash 40 842 Joram 12
791 Amaziah 29 830 Jehu 28
762 Uzziah 52 802 Joahaz 17
785 Joash 16
747 Jotham 16 769 Jeroboam II 41
731 Ahaz 16 728 Zachariah + Shallum
715 Hezekiah 29 Menahem 10
686 Manasseh 55 718 Pekahiah 2
631 Amon 2 716 Pekah 20
629 Josiah 31 696 Hoshea 9
598 Jehoahaz 3 M 10 d 687 Ten tribes dispersed
Jehoiakim 11
587 Jehoiachin 3 months
Zedechiah 11
576 First of Cyrus II 246
330 Alexander the Great
There are several problems after the first solution put us on a sound
standing at the end of Gideon (1199 BCE). There are too many years of
rule given for the period between Eli and Solomon's 4th year and an
internal problem exists because of the two different stories of Ahab's
death. Jehu killed both Ahab and Ahaziah in the same year, which is not
the story used for Bible chronology. The period is also too short for the
lengths of rule given because the end of Uzziah was not 710 BCE.
Moreover, the end of Israel kings did not occur in the reign of Sargon II
in 722 BCE nor during the reign of Hezekiah.
Proofs: KJH Biblical chronology
Part one
Below is the usual Biblical chronology given in the Bible with some
amendments. The Bible uses an artificial system based on 40 year
generations. The 400 years between Jacob's 130 years of life to when
Moses was 80 years old is a case in point as is the 480 years between the
exodus out of Egypt and the 4th year of Solomon. These systems are not
exact year date systems. However, they do represent a system of overall
exactness from point to point. There are exactly 400 years from Jacob to
Moses from the points given, but the 4th year of Solomon is itself an
artificial construct derived by giving 40 years as the length for his
reign. Most interesting tho is the fact that the dynasty marked by
Josephus as being a Hebrew dynasty (Manetho's 15th Eygptian dynasty) that
ruled Egypt for about 250 years fits well within that system between the
end of the 12th dynasty and the birth of Moses (1530 BCE). The period
between the exodus to the building of the first Temple is 480 years when
the periods of enslavement are counted as concurrent to the reigns of the
judges. The separate Samaritan chronicle confirms the passage of the
first three centuries after the exodus. Other small differences are that
the 8 year reign of Abdon was contemporary with Elon and that Abdon
died later in the same year as Elon, that Eli reigned only thirty years,
that the interregnum between Eli and Samuel's victory was only 18 years
and not twenty, and Saul reigned 22 years and not 40. The last is
confirmed by the fact that David received the whole kingdom after only
seven and a half years passed from the time of Samuel's death. Samuel
died at the age of 85 after Saul had reigned 18 years, which fits a reign
of 30 years for Eli since Samuel was 12 years old at that time. Saul's
son ruled 2 years after Saul only leaving five and one half years as
possible additional years for Saul's reign. The number 22 is often given
for the missing part of the passage in Josephus, which is used to justify
a reign length of 40 years (18+22) for Saul. However, the usual formula
is not used as it was important to note when Samuel died to know the
correct passage of time. If 22 is the correct number in the passage as
the heritage of giving Saul 40 years suggests, then 22 is not additional
years after Samuel's death, but the total number of years of Saul's
reign.
Israel chronology BCE
2140 Abraham 100
2040 Isaac 60
1980 Jacob 130
1850 Israel 400 Samaritan Chronicle
1450 Moses (80)
1530 Moses 120
1440 Exodus 40 1410 Joshua 28
1382 Interregnum 18
1400 Othniel 40 1364 Cushan 8
1356 Nathanel 9
1360 Ehud 80 1347 Jehud 18
1329 Gomer 20
1280 Shamgar 1 1309 Parak 30
1279 Jabin 20
1279 Deborah 40 1259 Deborah 23 20
1236 Midianites 7
1239 Gideon 40 1229 Gideon 30
1199 Abimelech 3
1196 Tola 23
1173 Jair 22 1169 Ammonites 18
1151 Jephthath 6
1145 Izban 7 1145 Abhoda 9
1138 Elon 10 1136 Ebhen Lel 28
1136 Abdon 8
1128 Samson 20
1108 Eli 30 40 1108 Anitel 40
1078 Interregnum 18 20 1068 SMSM
1060 Samuel 37 40
1023 Saul 22 40
1001 Ishbosheth 2
999 David 33
966 Solomon 38 40
Part two
There are four chronological pillars used in Bible chronology after
Solomon: The fifth year of Rehoboam (924 BCE), era of Nabonassar
(747 BCE), the first year of Cyrus (II) the Great (576 BCE), and the year
Alexander (III) the Great conquered Persia (330 BCE). Major changes are
required in Kings II because of an internal chronological problem in the
Bible, which is responsible for the creation of twin Ahaziahs, Jorams,
and Jezebels (Athaliah) - one real and one not. The cause of such an
outcome is Ahab's two deaths, which are both written into the story of
the old testament as Velikovsky pointed out. One tradition gave the death
of Ahab as occurring after the battle of Ramoth-gilead while the other
gave that he survived and reigned a significant period of time after that
battle. The chronology of the Bible uses the story line that Ahab died at
the battle. This is wrong and the consequences are that the real
characters and events become mirrored and occur twice. In order to
accomplish this both Ahab and Jehoshaphat required fictitious successors
named Ahaziah and Joram in opposite order relative to the other. To tie
up both ends Ahaziah and Jezebel had to die twice. This could only be
accomplished by creating a fictitious Ahaziah of Israel and Athaliah of
Jerusalem. Interesting consequences with these rearrangements are that
the real Joram with a reign of 12 years is given to be an Israel king
when he is a king of Jerusalem and only rules after the death of Ahaziah
king of Judah who reigned for 8 years and was a son of Ahab. Ahaziah son
of Ahab married the daughter of Jehoshaphat and became king of Jerusalem
after all of the sons of Jehoshaphat were killed in the wars that
Jehoshaphat fought. Another point of the same kind of divergence is that
Joash king of Jerusalem with a reign of 40 years is also Joash son of
Jehu who took Jerusalem in the 14th year of Amaziah. Joash son of Jehu
ruled both Samaria and Jerusalem as did his son Uzziah also known as
Azariah. Yet the greatest fiction in Bible chronology is the demise of
Israel in the reign of Hezekiah. Conventional chronology places the sack
of Samaria by Sargon II (722 BCE) as the functional date of this event.
The transference of Israel out of history in either the 8th or 7th
century BCE are fictions for Joahaz came to rule during the start of the
2nd year of the siege of Samaria by Shalmaneser and the eighth year of
Joash II son of Joahaz king of Israel was the 14th sole year of Hezekiah
(687 BCE). The kingdom of Israel did experience a number of dispersions;
in the 8th year of Tiglath-pileser III (722 BCE), at the end of 6th year
of the regency of Hezekiah (710 BCE) after the sack of Samaria by
Shalmaneser (that is used by the Bible as an impossible marker for the
death of king Uzziah), an actual dispersal during the reign of Hezekiah
(where the end of Israel's ten tribes were falsely placed at 687 BCE),
and the final one at the end of the reign of Hoshea where the end of
Israel as a nation was completed by Nebuchadnezzar II. He sacked Samaria
in 595 BCE three years after he sacked Jerusalem.
Clearly, the usual Bible chronology simply will not fit by the numbers.
Jehu kills Ahab the king of Israel and Ahaziah king of Jerusalem directly
after each other, but the death of the kings of Israel and Jerusalem do
not coincide to the same year in the conventional chronology. Kings of
Jerusalem when counted out give Uzziah's death (710 BCE) at 5 years after
the death of Ahaz (715 BCE), which is a clear impossibility and a sure
artificial construct. Once Joash son of Joahaz is placed in his proper
century there is no Joash of Israel to beat Amaziah. Switching Joram with
his twelve years and Joash with his generation (40) rule puts the story
into concert with the known history. Taking the doubles out places the
end of Joash at 776 BCE and the end of Uzziah at 741 BCE, which are
correct placements. In order to reconcile the death of Ahaziah king of
Jerusalem in 834 BCE after an eight year reign to the beginning of Jehu's
reign the whole structure of Israel kings is shifted 4 years from the
death of Solomon to the fifth year of Rehoboam and the 40 year reign of
Joash is shorten by 4 years to 36, which is acceptable with the rules
governing what the length a Hebrew generation could represent (35-40
years). When the reign lengths of Ahab and Jehu are switched, the
chronology is reconciled to their proper placements.
Part three
The traditional placements of the first year of Jotham (747 BCE) to the
first of Cyrus (II) the Great (576 BCE) are exact, but one of the reign
lengths is not. The system used compensated by increasing Manasseh's
reign by 20 years from 35 to 55. By adding a fictitious king Amon, the
name of an Egyptian god, increased the length 2 years for a total of 22
additional years to bridge the points from the destruction of Jerusalem
(598 BCE) to the first of Cyrus (II) the Great (576 BCE). The death of
Josiah marks the year of the fall of Assyria (620 BCE). Nabopolassar
ruled for 29 years, but after his victory over Assyria began numbering
his years anew. Nabopolassar died in his 22nd year after the fall of
Assyria at Haran, which was after the fall of Jerusalem in the 19th year
of Nebuchadnezzar II as commander of the army and his 25th year as king
of Babylon. Josephus gives the Persian Empire 246 1/2 years from the
first year of Cyrus (II) the Great in 576 BCE to the conquest of Persia
by Alexander (III) the Great in 330 BCE.
Conventional Bible chronology
BCE Reign BCE Reign
928 Rehoboam 17 928 Jehoboam 22
911 Abia 3 906 Nadab 2
908 Asa 41 904 Baasha 24
867 Jehoshaphat 25 880 Elah 2
842 Joram 8 878 Omri 12
834 Ahaziah 1 866 Ahab 22
833 Athaliah 2 844 Ahaziah 2
831 Joash 40 842 Joram 12
791 Amaziah 29 830 Jehu 28
762 Uzziah 52 802 Joahaz 17
785 Joash 16
747 Jotham 16 769 Jeroboam II 41
731 Ahaz 16 728 Zachariah + Shallum
715 Hezekiah 29 Menahem 10
686 Manasseh 55 718 Pekahiah 2
631 Amon 2 716 Pekah 20
629 Josiah 31 696 Hoshea 9
598 Jehoahaz 3 M 10 d 687 Ten tribes dispersed
Jehoiakim 11
587 Jehoiachin 3 months
Zedechiah 11
576 First of Cyrus II 246
330 Alexander the Great
KJH chronology
928 Rehoboam 17 924 Jeroboam 22
911 Abia 3 902 Nadab 2
908 Asa 41 900 Baasha 24
867 Jehoshaphat 25 876 Elah 2
874 Omri 12
842 Ahaziah 8 862 Ahab 28
834 Joram 12 834 Jehu 22
822 Amaziah 14 29 812 Joash 36 40
808 Joash 32
776 Uzziah 35 52 776 Azariah 29
747 Jotham 16 747 Pekah 24
731 Ahaz 16 723 Menahem 12 Azia
715 Hezekiah Regency 15 711 Joahaz 17
700 Hezekiah 14 29 694 Joash II 16
686 Manasseh 35 55+2 678 Jeroboam II 41
651 Josiah 31 637 Zachariah + Shallum 1
620 Jehoahaz 3m 636 Menahem II 10
Jehoiakim 11 626 Pekahiah 2
609 Jehoiachin 3m 624 Pekah II 20
Zedechiah 11 604 Hoshea 9
598 Sack of Jerusalem 595 Sack of Samaria
Now that Bible chronology has been corrected the contemporary kings of
other nations can be placed next to them.
Larger frames in chronology are 3398 BCE worldwide for the start of
`kings of men and not gods'. The only exceptions that I am aware of being
Indic, China, and ancient Persian lists that extend back further. The
Egyptian and Chaldean date of the flood being 36,358 BCE (25 X 1460 =
36,500), which cycle ended in 143 CE the 2nd year of Antoninus Pius.
After the 3761 BCE event that created a new calendar, era, and a new
victorian 25 year cycle that was begun the next year with a new spring
equinox date so Sothic counts begin in 85, 60, 35, and 10 year date
endings for these centuries BCE. The 7th year of Sesostris III was 1860
BCE for the Sothis cycle. The 34th year of Sesostris III (1833 BCE) was
at the end of his 9 year war when Argos was taken 393 years from the
exodus, which was the same year that Jacob died at age 147 years.
Cambyses II conquered Egypt in his 5th year in 525 BCE, which is the date
of the Royal Canon of Ptolemy. The second book of Excerpta Latina Barbari
gives the period between that and the start of the Middle Kingdom to be
1420 years or 2045 BCE in the reign of Mentuhotpe II (14th year). The
25th Sothic cycle 1318 BCE was the era of Menophreus (Menoffire Ai). The
24th Sothic cycle 2778 BCE occurred in the 6th year of Concharis a king
of the lower kingdom of the double crown of Egypt. Mestraim was put at
the 22nd Sothic cycle (5698 BCE) for the first book of Manetho at 2300
years duration ending at 3398 BCE the actual start. Mene united upper and
lower Eygpt in the 363th year of the Mestraim era or 3036 BCE a year
after the start of the war to unite Egpypt. The first Egyptian dynasty
began in 3053 BCE after the Ten Kings Period and 955 years elapsed from
the 1st to the end of the 8th dynasty. Traditionaly the end of the 3rd
and start of the 4th dynasty occurred in 2550 BCE and Tanutamon ended his
reign in the year 1450 BCE when Moses was 80 years old. Moses was born 3
months before the flood of Ogyges, which flood occurred on the 31st day
of October 1530 BCE. The start of a new period of foreign control of
Egypt began in 1529 BCE February, which lasted for 511 years (Manetho)
until the New Kingdom began in 1018 BCE. The Shepherd Kings started
ruling Eygpt in 1440 BCE after the Exodus for 453 years until 987 BCE
when Joab the head of King David's army captured the last of the
Amalekite cities.
Necho II killed Josiah, as he was going to war, when the Assyrians at
Harran fell and was no more as a nation in 620 BCE July 24th (Abu 12).
The Babylonian Chronicle
The synchronization of the Babylonian Chronicle is established by
documented formula and synchronicities with other kings. Documents state
the 1st year of Marduk-nadin-addhe was 418 years before Sennacherib. A
second sync was that the 10th year of Marduk-nadin-addhe was the 1st year
of Tiglath-pileser I or 1099 BCE. The Babylonian Chronicle has the
Kassite dynasty ruling for 576 3/4 years starting at 1744 BCE, Isin II
1167 BCE, Sealand II 1035 BCE, Bazi 1014 BCE, Elamite dynasty 994 BCE,
and 8th dynasty of Babylon at 988 BCE. However, single kingship in
Babylon did not rule its diverse population and political realities for
the last three centuries of the 8th Babylonian dynasty from the 9th
century BCE to near the end of the 7th century BCE. Double and triple
kingships became the political norm for Babylon, which only ended Kassite
co-rulerships in 622 BCE March 13th after the sack of Nineveh. The
correct start of the Kassite dynasty was 576 years and 9 months previous
from that point or mid year 1199 BCE (June 8). This date is already noted
for its catastrophic importance all over the world. Moreover, the resyns
of the Babylonian Chronicle to an earlier period by 545 years is fully in
line with Velikovsky's 5 1/2 century down dating of Egypts New Kingdom.
Co-kingships of Babylon started with Kassite king rulers at the start of
the ninth century BCE. Triple co-rulers began with dynasty Isin II in
776 BCE, which was succeeded by dynasty Sealand II. Dynasty Bazi began a
fourth co-rulership as it was contemporaneous with Sealand II. An Elamite
dynasty began after the end of 9th Babylonian dynasty. Nabopolassar put
an end to all other co-kingships in Babylon based on nation factions by
putting his son Nebuchadnezzar II on the Babylon throne in 622 BCE March.
By this resynchronization it is plain that the two destructions of
Babylon by Kashtiliash and Sennacherib are the same event. A complete
list of the kings and reigns would prove that the synchronizations in the
Chronicle are off by the actual records and inscriptions, which is why
the Babylon king list (8th dynasty) and Kassite dynastic list made
purposeful omissions of kings and reigns. Fortunately, both dynastic
lists can be reconstructed by the ancient records and documents once the
Assur dynastic predating and the false resynchronizations are known. The
Kassite and Assyrian king lists both added false kings in order to uphold
the systems' new resynchronization. The Kassite king list added
Marduk-apal-iddina (II) with 12 years in order to keep the number of
dynastic kings the same at 36 because Shalmaneser II [III] who had ruled
Babylon for 14 years was left off the list. Shalmaneser the Great is
given a reign of 35 years, but the eponym list has 7 years of `revolt' at
the end of his reign. This translates into 29 years of reign, which
begins with the last 3 years of his father and 6 additional years added
to a dead kings reign by document dating. It was not uncommon for scribes
to add to a dead kings reign when confusion in an empire occurred. The
Assyrian king list added 2 extra kings, Sargon II and Shalmaneser V, to
internally match the new resynchronization, but Shalmaneser of Assur 5
year reign in the list is the actual first 5 years of Sennacherib that
happens to also be the last 5 years of Sargon II as king of Babylon. The
Babylonian system also alters its internal synchronization by adding and
subtracting years to its king reigns totaling a difference of 2 years.
BCE 788 Karakhardash 1347
Nazibugash 2 1
787 Kurigalzu II 24 1345 22
763 Nazimaruttash 26 1321 25
738 Kadashman-Turgu 15 1295 18
723 Kadashman-Enlil II 9 1280 15
714 Kudur-Enlil 6 1271 9
708 Shagarakti-Shuriash 1265
788 - 708 = 80 1347 - 1265 = 82
The Babylonian system with a false Marduk-apal-iddian (II) with a 12 year
reign also adds 2 extra years while Shalemaneser II [III] 14 year reign
is not in the traditional list. The top three (2/1 24/22 26/25) are for
shifting the list by 2 years while the bottom three (15/18 9/15 6/9) are
to shift the list by 12 years depending on whether Marduk-apal-iddian (II)
is added to the list or not. Pushing the Babylonian list to earlier dates
by 12 years creates a need for the Assyrian list to do the same, which is
why a false second Assur-nadin-ahhe (II) is added to the Assyrian king
list for 10 years.
Kassites 36 kings 576 years 9 months
BCE BCE
1199 Gandash 16 1744
1183 Agum 22 1728
1161 Kashtiliash 22 1706
1139 Ushshi 8 1684
1131 Abirattash 4 1676 15
1116 Kashtiliash II 3 1661 10
1106 Urzigurumash 3 1651 10
1096 Harbasipak 14 1641 30
1066 Tiptakzi 22 1611 5
1044 Agum II 44 1589 50
994 Burnaburiash 25 1539 45
949 Kashtiliash III 44 1494 30
905 Ulamburiash 7 1450
898 Agum III 20 1443 Sack of Babylon 898 BCE
878 Kadashmankharbi 5 1423
873 Kurigalzu 11 1418
862 Kadashman-Enlil 21 1407
841 Karaindash 10 1386
831 Shalmaneser II [III] 14
817 Burnaburiash II 29 1376
788 Karakhardash 1347
Nazibugash 2 1
787 Kurigalzu II 24 1345 22
763 Nazimaruttash 26 1321 25
738 Kadashman-Turgu 15 1295 18
723 Kadashman-Enlil II 9 1277 15
714 Kudur-Enlil 6 1262 9
708 Shagarakti-Shuriash 13 1253
695 Kashtiliash IV 8 1240
687 Interregnum 7 1232 Tukulti-Ninurta
680 Enlil-nadin-shumi }
Kadashmankharbe II} 3 1225
677 Adad-shuma-iddina 6 1222
671 Adad-shuma-usur 30 1216
641 Meli-shiskhu (Melisipak) 15 1186 [Marduk-apal-iddina II 12]
626 Zababa-shuma-iddina 1 1171
625 Enlil-nadin-akhi 3 1170
Isin II
776 Marduk-kabit-ahheshu 18 1167 17
759 Itti-Marduk-balatu 8 1149 6
751 Ninurta-nadin-shumi 6 1141
745 Nebuchadrezzar I 22 1135 Hattusilis II 16th
723 Enlil-nadin-apli 4 1113
719 Marduk-nadin-addhe 10th 18 1109 7th eclipse
701 Marduk-shapik-zeri 13 1091 17
688 Adad-apal-iddina 22 1078
666 Marduk-ahhe-eriba 1 1056
665 Marduk-zer-e... 12 1055
653 Nabu-shumu-libur 8 1043
645 unknown king 2 Actual but not used in system
Sealand II
643 Simbar-sipak 18 1035 12 or 13 years
625 Ea-mukin-zeri 5m 1017
Kassu-nadin-ahi 3
Bazi
642 Eulmas-sakin-sumi 17 1014
625 Ninurta-kudurri-usur 3 997
622 Sirikti-Suqamuna 3m
Elamite
634 Mar-biti-apla-usur 6 994
8th Babylonian dynasty
988 Nabu-mukin-apli 36 Earthquake begins dynasty
952 Ninurta-kudurri-usur II 8m
951 Mar-biti-akhe-iddin 16
935 Samash-mudammik 14
921 Nabu-shuma-ukin 25
896 Nabu-apla-iddin 19
877 Marduk-bel-usate 18
859 Marduk-zakir-shumi 27
832 Marduk-balatsu-ikbi 24
808 Bau-akh-iddin 22
5 unknown kings 9
799 Ninurta-apla-x 23
Adad-shum-ibni 29
Marduk-bel-zeri 17
781 Marduk-apla-usur 22
779 Eriba-Marduk 19
760 Nabu-shuma-iskun 13
747 Nabu-nasir 14 Era of Nabonassar
733 Nabu-nadin-zeri 2
731 Nabu-suma-ukin II 1m
9th dynasty
731 Nabu-mukin-zeri 2 3rd year 729 BCE Pul takes Babylon
729 Marduk-apla-iddina I 12 Merodach-Baladan
717 Ululayu 5 Ululayu = Shalmaneser
712 First kingless period 2
710 Sargon II 5
Bel-ibni 3
707 Markuk-zakir-sumi II 1 m
Marduk-apla-iddina I 9 m 2nd time 22nd year
706 Assur-nadin-sumi 6
700 Nergal-usezib 1
699 Musezib-Marduk 4
695 Second kingless period 8 Sennacherib
687 Esarhaddon 11 Babylon destroyed
676 Samas-sum-ukin 20
656 Kandalanu 22
Elamite
634 Mar-biti-apla-usur 6
Lydian
628 Nabopolassar 29 Mursilis II
622 Nebuchadnezzar II 43 Hattusilis III
620 Nabopolassar 21 Era of Nabopolassar
599 Neriglissar 7 Muwatallis
592 Labasi-Marduk 9m Urhi-Tesup
591 Nebuchadnezzar II 12 Hattusilis III
579 Amel-Merodach 2 Tudhalis III
577 Neriglissar II 4 Arnuwandas III
573 Nabonidus 17 Suppliluliumas III
Persia
556 Cyrus II 9
All dynasties use only traditional lists and reigns. Only the Babylonian
9th dynasty and Nabopolassar's dynasty have been altered. However, the
start of both the 8th and 9th dynasties are known quantities and sure.
The reason for the significant changes in the 9th dynasty is that the
Royal Canon of Ptolemy was created to down date the Persian Empire from
its traditional and correct length of 246 1/2 years to only 229 year or
17 years less, which requires an additional 17 years elsewhere. However,
the resync of Assyrian kings down dating by 6 years eliminates the need
of a second appearance of the Elamite king Mar-biti-apla-usur and his 6
year reign at his actual placement between the end of the 9th dynasty
and the start of the reign of Nabopolassar. However, Esarhaddon's rule in
Ptolemy's list is 7 years closer to our time and gives him a reign of 13
years or 2 years more than his actual 11 years. This makes the start of
Nabopolassar reign in 628 BCE to be resynced 3 years to 625 BCE. The
actual start of Nabopolassar son Nebuchadnezzar II reign is 622 BCE in
Babylon, which is moved to 604 BCE or one eclipse cycle late. The total
reign of Nabopolassar is 29 years. However, when his given reign of 21
years after the fall of Assyria subtracts a full 18 year eclipse period,
it makes the separation from the resynced start (625 BCE) to the actual
start of his son's reign only 3 years and 21 from his given placement.
Moreover, this shift keeps the eclipse cycles in the records in line
and in harmony with the other records, even if they are placed one cycle
late.
988 BCE Nabu-mukin-apli - omens & earthquake
868 BCE Nabu-apal-iddina - confusion in Babylon
747 BCE Era of Nabonassar - Assur-dan III 10th year plague
687 BCE Babylon destroyed
656 BCE Kandalanu start
625 BCE Simbar-sipak - Fire in sky (Simba-Sihu)
624 BCE Assur sacked
622 BCE March (13th) Nineveh sacked and Nebuchadnezzar II reigns in Babylon
620 BCE Era of Nabopolassar - Sack of Harran Abu 12 fall of Assyrian Empire
617 BCE Nebuchadnezzar II as commander of the army of Chaldea
598 BCE July 2nd Jerusalem sacked in the 21st year of Nabopolassar New Era
and the 19th year of Nebuchadnezzar II as army commander
576 BCE Era of Cyrus (II) the Great
556 BCE 1st year of Cyrus II in the city of Babylon
The Assyrian king list was increased and resynchronized to match the
elongated chronological system of the Babylonian Chronicle by inserting a
late contemporary dynasty (Enlil-nasir II) inbetween two earlier
dynasties that were stacked one on top of the other. The late dynasty
came from the city of Assur and was inserted at the end of the early
Assur dynasty started by Samis-Adad II. This positioned itself before the
early Calah dynasty started by Ninurta-apil-Ekur. Assyria had more than
one line of royal kings during different periods of its dominance as did
many kingdoms. The Bible states that king Ahaz requested aid from the
kings (plural) of Assyria (Chron II 28:16). In year 32 of Hammurabi a new
Assyrian dynasty by Assur-dugul began ending 121 years later. Then
another dynasty reigned for 113 plus years (14). The late Assur dynasty
insertion after the end of Assur-nadin-ahhe I reign does not alter the
year the dynasty founded by Ninurta-apil-Ekur (1167 BCE) began. In the
Babylon Chronicle the Kassite dynasty ends at 1167 BCE. This is not a
coincidence, but the determinator of the resynchronizations for both
systems. Another insertion in the Assyrian king list occurs when
Tiglath-pileser III and his `son' Shalmaneser V (5 years) of Calah were
added. However, Shalmaneser I of Assur was a comtemporary of
Tiglath-pileser III and not his son. Sargon II and Shalmaneser I add a
total of 22 additional years inserted into the Assyrian king list.
However, the list was resynced to a date 6 years late resulting in early
dating by 16 years for the conventional chronology. In Assyrian documents
there is only a single empty line before king Sennacherib where 3 kings
are now put: "There are insufficient lines to put in all the kings
between Shalmaneser III and Sennacherib" [1], which only leaves space for
Tiglath-pileser III. Tiglath-pileser III was only a general in the
Assyrian army who later came into kingship because the Medes managed to
kill all the Assyrian royal family lines at one place in 731 BCE, which
is the same year that the 9th dynasty of Babylon began. In the 3rd year
of Nabu-mukin-zeri Tiglath-pileser III conquered Babylon, which gave him
a Babylonian name (Pul) and right of kingship. Since 2 years of
interregnum exist between the end of the Assyrian royal king lines and
Tiglath-pileser III in Babylon, the difference of 14 years (16-2) is the
number of eponmys Sargon II has despite his known 17 year reign. The 14
years also represent at the other end the total reign lengths for the two
last kings with missing reign numbers from the 2nd Assyrian dynasty after
the king line was reestablished during the reign of Hammurabi. The reign
lengths of these two kings at a total of 14 years were purposefully left
off the king list in order to allow shifting within the artificial
elongated chronological systems being utilized. The total for both kings
at 14 years is also independently confirmed by both T and V cycles.
In the third year of Nabu-mukin-zeri, Tiglath-pileser III took Babylon,
then appointed Marduk-apla-iddina I who ruled Babylon for 12 years. A
second king by this name in the list also ruled, but he in fact was the
same king who ruled for an additional 9 months after revolting from
Assyrian rule in his 22nd year ending in 706 BCE. From this point it
continues for 6 years with Assur-nadin-sumi, a year with Nergal-usezib, 4
years with Musezib-Marduk, a period of 8 years with no appointed kings,
Esarhaddon starting from the death of his father Sennacherib in 687 BCE
for 11 years, Samas-sum-ukin 20 years, Kandalanu 22 years,
Mar-biti-apla-usur of Elam 6 years, and then Nabopolassar for 29 years
(628 BCE), which cross connects to other known working chronological
systems (see index 1 proof 6). A correctly synchronized Assyrian king
list calculates a mid 15th century BCE start (1446 BCE) for the reign of
Hammurabi.
Synchronicity:
Bel-bani Iskibal
Lubaia Susi
Sarma-adad Gulkisar
Bazaia Pesgaldaramas
Lulla Aiadarakalamma
Sininua Ekurulanna
Sama-Adad Melamkurra
Isme-dagan Burnaburiash
Samsi-adad Burnaburiash
Kastilau
Ulamburiar
Assur-bel-nisesu Karaindash Treaty
Puzur-Assur Burnaburiash II oath
Assur-uballit Karahardash
Nazibugas
Kurigalzu II
Ellil-nirari Kurigalzu II
Adad-nirari Nazimarrutash
Kadashman-Turgu
Ka-ta-as-ma-du-ur-go
Ninurta-apil-e[kur] Ellil-kudur-usur
[Ass]ur-dan Zababa-suma-iddina
Assur-resa-isi Nebuchadnezzar
Tiglath-pileser Markuk-nadin-ahhe
Assur-bel-kala Markuk-sapik-zeri
Adad-apla-iddina
Adad-nirari Shamash-mudammiq
Nabu-suma-iskun
Tukulti-nasir-pal II Nabu-suma-iskun
Assur-nasir-pal Nabu-apla-iddina
Shalmaneser Nabu-apla-iddina
Marduk-zakir-sumi
Marduk-bel-usate defeated
Tukulti-ninurta Kashtiliash
Adad-suma-user
Ashur-nirari Adad-suma-user
Shamashi-Adad Marduk-balatsu-iqbi
Baba-aha-iddina
Assyrian kings conventional chronology
1629 Erisum 40 1894 Erisum 40
1589 Ikunum 14 1854 Ikunum 14
1575 Sharru-kin 40 1840 Sharru-kin 40
1535 Naram-Suen 27 1800 Naram-Suen 27
1508 Erisum II 20 1773 Erisum II 20
1488 Samsi-Adad 33 1753 Samsi-Adad 33
1455 Isme-Dagan 40 1720 Isme-Dagan 40
1415 Assur-dugul 6 1680 Assur-dugul 6
1410 Assur-apal-idi 1 1675 Assur-apal-idi 1
Nasir-Sin Nasir-Sin
Sin-namir Sin-namir
Ipqi-Istar Ipqi-Istar
Adad-salulu Adad-salulu
Adasi Adasi
1409 Belu-bani 10 1674 Belu-bani 10
1399 Libaja 17 1664 Libaja 17
1382 Sarma-Adad 12 1647 Sarma-Adad 12
1370 Iptar-Sin 12 1635 Iptar-Sin 12
1358 Bazaja 28 1623 Bazaja 28
1330 Lullaja 6 1595 Lullaja 6
1324 Kidin-Ninua 14 1589 Kidin-Ninua 14
1310 Sarma-Adad II 3 1575 Sarma-Adad II 3
1307 Erisum III 13 1572 Erisum III 13
1294 Samsi-Adad II 6 1559 Samsi-Adad II 6
1288 Isme-Dagan II 16 1553 Isme-Dagan II 16
1272 Samsi-Adad III 16 1537 Samsi-Adad III 16
1256 Assur-nirari 26 1521 Assur-nirari 26
1230 Puzur-Assur III 24 1495 Puzur-Assur III 24
1206 Enlil-nasir 13 1471 Enlil-nasir 13
1193 Nur-ili 12 1458 Nur-ili 12
1181 Assur-saduni 1 month Assur-saduni 1 month
Assur-rabi } 1446 Assur-rabi }
1177 Assur-nadin-ahhe }14 Assur-nadin-ahhe }14
1432 Enlil-nasir II 6
1426 Assur-nirari II 7
1419 Assur-bel-nisesu 9
1410 Assur-rim-nisesu 12
1398 [Assur-nadin-ahhe II] 10
1388 Eriba-Adad 27
1361 Assur-uballit 39
1322 Enlil-nirari 15
1307 Arik-den-ili 12
1295 Adad-nirari 32
1263 Shalmaneser (I) 30
1233 Tukulti-Ninurta 37
1196 Assur-nadin-apli 4
1192 Assur-nirari III 6
1186 Enlil-kudurri-usur 5
1167 Ninurta-apil-Ekur 13 1181 Ninurta-apil-Ekur 13 3
1154 Assur-dan 36 1168 Assur-dan 36 46
1118 Ninurta-tukulti-Assur 1132 Ninurta-tukulti-Assur
Mutakkil-Nusku 1 Mutakkil-Nusku 1
1117 Assur-res-isi 18 1131 Assur-res-isi 18
1099 Tiglath-Pileser 39 1113 Tiglath-Pileser 39
1060 Asarid-apil-Ekur 2 1074 Asarid-apil-Ekur 2
1058 Assur-bel-kala 18 1072 Assur-bel-kala 18
1040 Eriba-Adad II 2 1054 Eriba-Adad II 2
1038 Samsi-Adad IV 4 1052 Samsi-Adad IV 4
1034 Assurnasirpal 19 1048 Assurnasirpal 19
1015 Shalmaneser I [II] 12 1029 Shalmaneser II 12
1003 Assur-nirari II 6 1017 Assur-nirari IV 6
997 Assur-rabi II 41 1011 Assur-rabi II 41
956 Assur-res-isi II 5 970 Assur-res-isi II 5
951 Tiglath-Pileser II 32 965 Tiglath-Pileser II 32 33
919 Assur-dan II 23 933 Assur-dan II 23
896 Adad-nirari I 21 910 Adad-nirari I 21 20
875 Tukulti-Ninurta I [II] 7 889 Tukulti-Ninurta II 7
868 Assurnasirpal II 25 882 Assurnasirpal II 25
846 Shalmaneser II [III] 29 857 Shalmaneser III 35
817 Arbaces the Mede 1 822 Samsi-Adad V 13
816 Semiramis III 24 812 Semiramis III 5
810 Samsi-Adad V 13 809 Adad-nirari II 28
795 Adad-nirari II 28 781 Shalmaneser IV 10
767 Shalmaneser III [IV] 10 771 Assur-dan III 18
757 Assur-dan III 18 753 Assur-nirari V 8
739 Assur-nirari IV 8 745 Tiglath-Pileser III 19
731 Interregnum 2 726 Shalmaneser V 5
729 Tiglath-Pileser III 19 721 Sargon II 17
710 Sennacherib 23 704 Sennacherib 23
687 Esarhaddon 12 681 Esarhaddon 12
675 Assurbanipal 42 669 Assurbanipal 42
633 Assur-etel-ilani 4 627 Assur-etel-ilani 4
Sin-sumu-lisir Sin-sumu-lisir
632 Sin-sar-iskun 10 626 Sin-sar-iskun 10
622 Fall of Nineveh 616 Fall of Nineveh
622 Assur-uballit II 2 616 Assur-uballit II 2
620 Fall of the Assyrian Empire at Harran
888 - 4
884 -Zi- 9
885 -Bel 13
862 Enlil-nasir II 6
856 Assur-nirari III 7
849 Assur-bel-nisesu 9
840 Assur-rim-nisesu 8
832 Eriba-Adad 27
805 Assur-uballit 36
769 Enlil-nirari 10
759 Arik-den-ili 12
747 Adad-nirari 32
717 Shalmaneser IV [V & I] 30 719 Sargon II 14
687 Tukulti-Ninurta II [I] 37
652 Assur-nadin-apli 4
648 Assur-nirari V 6
642 Enlil-kudurri-usur 13
629 Belkudur-usur 5
624 Fall of Assur
A 1712 BCE start for Hammurabi is given by the ancient elongated system.
Sydney Smith put Hammurabi at a 1716 BCE start for the short chronology.
Assur-dugul began to reign in Year 32 of Hammurabi
Assurnasirpal II last three years co-reign with son Shalmaneser II [III]
Semiramis II = Puzur-Assur IV
Semiramis III co-reigned with her son's (Adad-nirari II) first 3 years
Sargon II number of eponyms is 14
Enlil-kudurri-usur killed Adad-shuma-usur
Assur-etel-ilani and Enlil-kudurri-usur both died in the same battle
Girkishar 696 to Nebuchadrezzar (Alexander)
10th year of Marduk-nadin-akhe [1113 BCE] = 1st year of Tiglathpileser I
Tiglathpileser I 641 years after Shamshi-Adad son of Ishme-Dagan [1754 BCE]
Asshurbanapal 1,635 years after Kudu-nankhund [675 + 1635 = 2310 BCE]
Marduk-nadin-akhe 418 years before Sennacherib [704 + 418 = 1122 BCE]
Hammurabi 700 years before Burnaburiash had built E-barra (600)
Karaindash peace treaty with Asshur-bel-nisheshu
Tukulti-Ninib 600 years before Sennacherib (ruled 6 years after)
Burnaburiash letter to Amenophis III king of Egypt
Asshur-uballit letter to Napkhuriya king of Egypt - Amenophis III
Asshur-uballit - Kara-khardash - Kadashman-Kharbe - Kurigalzu II
Shalmaneser 434 Shamshi-Adad [717 + 434 + 242 = 1493 BCE]
Tukulti-Ninurta 720 Ilushuma (21) [540 end of Shamshi-Adad]
Tiglath-pileser 701 Shamshi-Adad
10th year of [9th] Ashur-Dan III in the month of Siwan an eclipse
Ashur-uballit 135 Puzur-Shur III
It is extremely ironic that after the fall of the 3rd dynasty of Ur (III)
that the non contemporary dynasties of Isin, Larsa, Babylon I, and
Sealand were resynchronized as being contemporaneous with each other
while the actual contemporary dynastic kings of Sealand, Kassite, Babylon
(8th), Isin II + Sealand II, Bazi, and Elam were falsely resynchronized
as being non contemporaneous one on top of another. Yet these are the end
results of the ancient elongated chronological systems used for making
some of civilizations greatest kings of Babylon, Assyria, and Egypt older
by 545 years during the second millennium BCE than in fact they were. In
the present conventional system there are two peak developments in
administrative record keeping with a hiatus of around 6 centuries
inbetween them where all writing developments were completely lost. With
the correct placements there is only one peak development in the 8th
century BCE and no unnatural loss of record keeping abilities by all the
surrounding cultures.
1 Eric Aitchison, C&CR, 1998:1, Assyrian History: The `Black Hole',
page 26, 3rd concession - last sentence.
In the 6th (9th) year of Shalmaneser II [III] (838 BCE) his army fought a
coalition that included the king of Judah, which the Moab stela stated
was the mid reign of that king. Since that event was 4 years after
Jehoshaphat died, Ahaziah's reign was 8 years and the year that Jehu
began his reign after killing Ahab and Ahaziah was 834 BCE.
The story is that Sennacherib died (687 BCE) before the end of Hezekiah's
reign (686 BCE), which agrees with the sync for the fall of Harran and
the Assyrian nation in 620 BCE.
The extended Assyrian chronology used king Shalmaneser of the
contemporary Assyrian dynasty of the 9th to 7th centuries BCE for the
first Shalmaneser, which in fact was the last Shalmaneser with a 30 year
reign who died in the same year as Sennacherib in 687 BCE. All the
Assyrian royal lines were killed by the Medes in 731 BCE, which started
the 9th Babylonian dynasty. After a 2 year interregnum an Assyrian
general Tigath-pileser III took Babylon. The period of Tiglath-pileser
III 19 years, Shalmaneser 30 years, Sargon II 17 years, and Sennacherib
23 years are boxed between 729 - 687 BCE according to the canons the
ancients gave us. Sargon II ruled for 17 years as king of Assyria at his
capital Dur-Sharruken, but he only has 14 eponyms in the list. In Sargon
II last 5 years he was designated king of Babylon. These 5 years are the
same years designated as the reign of Shalmaneser of Assur 5 year rule in
the list, but they actually represent the first 5 years of the reign of
Sennacherib.
Now that all the major king lists have been synchronized we can write
history correctly. Moreover, there are natural cycles indicated in the
corrected chronology king lists of 6 T cycles per 181 years and 32 V
cycles per 1001 years.
Visit Chronology One blog page.
Send e-mail to: James Conway
bb089@scn.org
